W. Wang, D. Wang, S. K. Vasantham, H. Hu, Y. Liu, A. H. Schäfer, G. Mathew, N. Hussain, M. Ibrahim, J. Aghassi-Hagmann, A. K. Powell, M. Hirtz

Small Sci. 6 (2026) e70380

Electrochemical determination of dopamine (DA) has received considerable attention in recent years, with current research primarily focused on improving sensor sensitivity and selectivity. In this study, a printed electrochemical sensor modified with a hybrid material comprising polyoxometalates (POMs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is fabricated for DA detection. The POM@MOF component enhances charge transfer, thereby improving sensitivity, while the MIP acts as a selective receptor for DA, providing high selectivity. The fabricated sensor exhibits selective recognition of DA from interferents with similar electrochemical behaviors using cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the CV responses are linear with DA concentration in the range 200–800 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 59.03 μM. Moreover, the sensors show good stability, regeneration ability, and reproducibility. The results demonstrate that the proposed material can facilitate the electrochemical sensing performance toward DA, providing a basis for the future design and optimization of material-based electrochemical DA sensing platforms.